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2014年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（一）试题
Section I Use of English Directions: Readthe following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A,B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET. (10 points) As many people hit middle age, they often start to notice thattheir memory and mental clarity are not what they used to be. We suddenly can’tremember 1 we put the keys just amoment ago, or an old acquaintance’s name, or the name of an old band we usedto love. As the brain 2 , werefer to these occurrences as “senior moments.” 3 seemingly innocent, this loss of mental focuscan potentially have a(n) 4 impact on our professional , social ,andpersonal 5 . Neuroscientists, experts who study the nervous system, areincreasingly showing that there’s actually a lot that can be done. It 6 out that the brain needs exercise in much thesame way our muscles do, and the right mental 7 can significantly improve our basic cognitive 8 .Thinking is essentially a 9 ofmaking connections in the brain. To a certain extent, our ability to 10 in making the connections thatdrive intelligence is inherited. 11___, becausethese connections are made through effort and practice, scientists believe thatintelligence can expand and fluctuate __12_ mental effort. Now, a new Web-based companyhas taken it a step __13__ and developed the first “brain trainingProgram” designed to actually help people improve and regain their mental __14__. The Web-based program 15 you to systematically improve yourmemory and attention skills. The program keeps 16 of your progress andprovides detailed feedback 17 your performance and improvement. Mostimportantly, it 18 modifies andenhances the games you play to 19 on the strengths you are developing-much likea(n) 20 exercise routine requires you to increaseresistance and vary your muscle use.
1. [A] where [B]when [C] that [D] why 2.[A] improves [B] fades [C] recover [D] collapses 3.[A] unless [B] while [C] once [D] if 4. [A] damaging [B] limited [C]uneven [D] obscure 5.[A] relationship [B] environment [C] welling [D] outlook 6. [A] figures [B] finds [C]points [D] turns 7.[A] responses [B] roundabout [C] workouts [D] associations 8.[A] genre [B] criterion [C] circumstances [D] functions 9.[A] channel [B] sequence [C] process [D] condition 10. [A] feature [B]excel [C] persist [D] believe 11. [A] However [B] Moreover [C] Otherwise [D] Therefore 12. [A] instead of [B]according to [C] apart from [D] regardless of 13. [A] further [B]back [C] aside [D] around 14. [A] framework [B]stability [C] flexibility [D] sharpness 15. [A] hurries [B]reminds [C] allows [D] forces 16. [A] hold [B] track [C]order [D] pace 17. [A] to [B]with [C] for [D] on 18. [A] constantly [B]habitually [C] irregularly [D] unusually 19. [A] put [B] carry [C]build [D] take 20. [A] idle [B]familiar [C] risky [D] effective
Section II Reading Comprehension
Part A Directions: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions beloweach text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET. (40points) Text1 In order to “change lives for the better” and reduce “dependency”, GeorgeOsborne, Chancellor of the Exchequer, introduced the "upfront worksearch" scheme. Only if the jobless arrive at the job centre with a CV,register for the online job search, and start looking for work will they beeligible for benefit—and then they should report weekly rather than fortnightly. What couldbe more reasonable? More apparent reasonableness followed. There will now be aseven-day wait for the jobseeker’s allowance. “Those first few days should bespent looking for work, not looking to sign on.” he claimed, “We’re doing thesethings because we know they help people stay off benefits and help those onbenefits get into work faster.” Help? Really? On first hearing, this was thesocially concerned chancellor, trying to change lives for the better, completewith “reforms” to an obviously indulgent system that demands too little effortfrom the newly unemployed to find work, and subsidises laziness. What motivatedhim, we were to understand was his zeal for “fundamental fairness”—protecting the taxpayer, controllingspending and ensuring that only the most deserving claimants received theirbenefits. Losing a job is hurting: you don’t skip down to the jobcentre with a song in your heart, delighted at the prospect of doubling yourincome from the generous state. It is financially terrifying, psychologicallyembarrassing and you know that support is minimal and extraordinarily hard toget. You are now not wanted; you are now excluded from the work environmentthat offers purpose and structure in your life. Worse, the crucial income tofeed yourself and your family and pay the bills has disappeared. Ask anyonenewly unemployed what they want and the answer is always: a job. But in Osborneland, your first instinct is to fall intodependency—permanent dependency if you can get it—supported by a state only too ready to indulge yourfalsehood. It is as though 20 years of ever –tougher reforms of the job searchand benefit administration system never happened. The principle of Britishwelfare is no longer that you can insure yourself against the risk ofunemployment and receive unconditional payments if the disaster happens. Eventhe very phrase “jobseeker’s allowance” is about redefining the unemployed as a“jobseeker” who had no fundamental right to benefit he or she has earnedthrough making national insurance contributions. Instead, the claimant receivesa time-limited “allowance”, conditional on actively seeking a job: noentitlement and no insurance, at ￡71.70 a week ,one of the least generous inthe EU.
21. George Osborne’sscheme was intended to [A] providethe unemployed with easier access to benefits. [B] encouragejobseeker’ s active engagement in job seeking. [C] motivatethe unemployed to report voluntarily. [D] guaranteejobseekers’ legitimate right to benefit. 22. The phase “to signon”(Line 3,Para.2)most probably means [A] to checkon the availability of jobs at the job centre. [B] to acceptthe government’s restrictions on the government. [C] toregister for an allowance from the government. [D] to attenda governmental job-training program. 23. What prompted thechancellor to develop his scheme? [A] A desireto secure a better life for all. [B] Aneagerness to protect the unemployed. [C] An urge tobe generous to the claimants. [D] A passionto ensure fairness for taxpayers. 24. According toParagraph 3, being unemployed makes one feel [A] uneasy. [B] enraged. [C] insulted. [D] guilty. 25. To which of thefollowing would the author most probably agree? [A] TheBritish welfare system indulges jobseekers’ laziness. [B] Osborne’sreform will reduce the risk of unemployment. [C] Thejobseekers’ allowance has met their actual needs. [D] Unemployment benefits should not bemade conditional. Text2 All around theworld, lawyers generate more hostility than the members of any other profession—with thepossible exception of journalism. But there are few places where clients havemore grounds for complaint than America. During thedecade before the economic crisis, spending on legal services in Americagrew twice as fast as inflation. The best lawyers made skyscrapers-full ofmoney, tempting ever more students to pile into law schools. But most lawgraduates never get a big-firm job. Many of them instead become the kind ofnuisance-lawsuit filer that makes the tort system a costly nightmare. There are manyreasons for this. One is the excessive costs of a legal education. There isjust one path for a lawyer in most American states; a four-year undergraduatedegree in some unrelated subject, then a three-year law degree at one of 200law schools authorized by the American Bar Association and an expensive preparationfor the bar exam. This leaves today’s average law-school graduate with $100,000of debt on top of undergraduate debts. Law-school debt means that they have towork fearsomely hard. Reforming thesystem would help both lawyers and their customers. Sensible ideas have beenaround for a long time, but the state-level bodies that govern the professionhave been too conservative to implement them. One idea is to allow people tostudy law as an undergraduate degree. Another is to let students sit for the barafter only two years of law school. If the bar exam is truly a stern enoughtest for a would-be lawyer, those who can sit it earlier should be allowed todo so. Students who do need the extra training could cut their debt mountain bya third. The other reasonwhy costs are so high is the restrictive guild-like ownership structure of thebusiness. Except in the District of Columbia, non-lawyers may not own any share of a lawfirm. This keeps fees high and innovation slow. There is pressure for changefrom within the profession, but opponents of change among the regulators insistthat keeping outsiders out of a law firm isolates lawyers from the pressure tomake money rather than serve clients ethically. In fact,allowing non-lawyers to own shares in law firms would reduce costs and improveservices to customers, by encouraging law firms to use technology and to employprofessional managers to focus on improving firms’ efficiency. After all, othercountries, such as Australiaand Britain,have started liberalizing their legal professions. America should follow.
26. A lot of studentstake up law as their profession due to [A] thegrowing demand from clients [B] theincreasing pressure of inflation [C] theprospect of working in big firms [D] the attraction of financialrewards 27. Which of thefollowing adds to the costs of legal education in most American states? [A] Higher tuition fees for undergraduate studies [B] Receivingtraining by professional associations [C] Admissions approval from the bar association [D] Pursuing a bachelorsdegree in another major 28. Hindrance to thereform of the legal system originates from [A] the rigidbodies governing the profession [B] lawyers’and clients’ strong resistance [C] the sternexam for would-be lawyers. [D] non-professionals’ sharp criticism 29. The guild-likeownership structure is considered “restrictive” partly because [A] preventslawyers from gaining due profits. [B] bans outsiders’involvement in the profession. [C] aggravatesthe ethical situation in the trade. [D] keepslawyers from holding law-firm shares. 30. In the text, theauthor mainly discusses [A] thefactors that help make a successful lawyer in America. [B] a problemin America’slegal profession and solutions to it. [C] the roleundergraduate studies in America’slegal education. [D] flawedownership of America’slaw firms and its causes. Text3 The US＄3 million Fundamental Physics is indeed an interestingexperiment, as Alexander Polyakov said when he accepted this year’s award inMarch. And it is fair from the only one of this type. As a New Feature articlein Nature discusses, a string of lucrative awards for research havejoined the Nobel Prizes in recent years. Many, like the Fundamental PhysicsPrize, are funded from the telephones-number-sized bank accounts of Internetentrepreneurs. These benefactors have succeeded in their chosen fields, theysay, and they want to use their wealth to draw attention to those who havesucceeded in science. What’s not to like? Quite a lot, according to a handful ofscientists quoted in the News Feature. You cannot buy class, as the old sayinggoes, and these upstart entrepreneurs cannot buy their prizes the prestige ofthe Nobels. The new awards are an exercise in self-promotion for those behindthem, say scientists. They could distort the achievement-based system ofpeer-review-led research. They could cement the status quo of peer-reviewedresearch. They do not fund peer-reviewed research. They perpetuate the myth ofthe lone genius. The goals of theprize-givers seem as scattered as the criticism. Some want to shock, others todraw people into science, or to better reward those who have made their careersin research. As Nature has pointed out before, there ere somelegitimate concerns about how science prize—both new and old—are distributed. The Breakthrough Prize in Life Sciences,launched this year, takes an unrepresentative view of what the life scienceinclude. But the Nobel Foundation’s limit three recipients per prize, each ofwhom must still be living, has long been outgrown by the collaborative natureof modern research—as will be demonstrated by the inevitable row over who is ignored whenit comes to acknowledging the discovery of the Higgs boson. The Nobel were, ofcourse, themselves set up by a very rich individual who had decided what hewanted to do with his own money. Time, rather than intention, has given themlegitimacy. As much as some scientists may complain about the newawards, two things seem clear. First, most researchers would accept such aprize if they were offered one. Second, it is surely a good thing that themoney and attention come to science rather than go elsewhere. It is fair tocriticize and question the mechanism—that is the culture of research, after all-but it is theprize-givers’ money to do with as they please. It is wise to take such giftswith gratitude and grace.
31. TheFundamental Physics Prize is seen as [A] a symbolof the entrepreneurs’ wealth. [B] a handsomereward for researchers. [C] a possiblereplacement of the Nobel Prizes. [D] an exampleof bankers’ investments. 32. The critics thinkthat the new awards will most benefit [A] theprofit-oriented scientists. [B] theachievement-based system. [C] thefounders of the new awards [D] peer-review-ledresearch. 33. The discovery of theHiggs boson is a typical case which involves [A] legitimateconcerns over the new prizes. [B] controversiesover the recipients’ status. [C] the jointeffort of modern researchers. [D] thedemonstration of research finding. 34. According toParagraph 4, which of the following is true of the Nobels? [A] Historyhas never cast doubt on them. [B] theirendurance has done justice to them. [C] They arethe most representative honor. [D] Theirlegitimacy has long been in dispute. 35. The author believesthat the new awards are [A] unworthyof public attention. [B] subject toundesirable changes. [C] harmful tothe culture of research. [D] acceptabledespite the criticism. Text 4 “The Hear of the Matter”,the just-released report by the AmericanAcademy of Arts and sciences (AAAS),deserves praise for affirming the importance of the humanities and socialsciences to the prosperity and security of liberal democracy in America.Regrettably, however, the report’s failure to address the true nature of thecrisis facing liberal education may cause more harm than good. In 2010, leadingcongressional Democrats and Republicans sent letters to the AAAS asking that itidentify actions that could be taken by “federal，state and local government, universities，foundations, educators, individual benefactor and others” to “maintainnational excellence in humanities and social scientific scholarship andeducation”. In response, the American Academyformed the Commission on the Humanities and Social Science .Among thecommission’s 51 members are top-tier-university presidents, scholars, lawyers, judges,and business executives as well as prominent figures from diplomacy, filmmaking,music and journalism. The goals identified inthe report are generally admirable .Because representative governmentpresupposes an informed citizenry, the report supports full literacy; stressesthe study of history and government, particularly American history and Americangovernment; and encourages the use of new digital technologies. To encourageinnovation and competition, the report calls for increased investment inresearch, the crafting of coherent curricula that improve students’ ability tosolve problems and communicate effectively in the 21st century, increasedfunding for teachers and the encouragement of scholars to bring greater studyof foreign languages, international affairs and the expansion of study abroadprograms. Unfortunately, despite2.5 years in the making, “The Heart of the Matter” never gets to the heart ofthe matter: the illiberal nature of liberal education at our leading collegesand universities. The commission ignores that for several decades America’scolleges and universities have produced graduates who don't know the contentand character of liberal education and are thus deprived of its benefits.Sadly, the spirit of inquiry once at home on campus has been replaced by theuse of the humanities and social sciences as vehicles for publicizing"progressive," or left-liberal propaganda. Today, professorsroutinely treat the progressive interpretation of history and progressivepublic policy as the proper subject of study while portraying conservative orclassical liberal ideas-such as free markets and self-reliance-as fallingoutside the boundaries of routine, and something legitimate, intellectualinvestigation. The AAAS displays great enthusiasm for liberaleducation. Yet its report may well set back reform by obscuring the depth andbreadth of the challenge that Congress asked it to illuminate.
36. According to Paragraph1, what is the author’s attitude toward the AAAS’s report? [A] Critical [B] Appreciative [C] Contemptuous [D]Tolerant 37. Influential figuresin the congress required that the AAAS report on how to [A] define the government’s role in education [B] safeguardindividuals’ rights to education [C] retain people’s interest in liberal education [D] keep a leadingposition in liberal education 38. According toparagraph 3, the report suggests [A] anexclusive study of American history. [B] a greateremphasis on theoretical subjects. [C] theapplication of emerging technologies. [D] funding for the study offoreign languages. 39. The author implies inparagraph 5 that professors are [A] supportiveof free markets [B] conservativeabout public policy. [C] biasedagainst classical liberal ideas. [D] cautious aboutintellectual investigation. 40. Which of thefollowing would be the best title for the text? [A] Ways to Grasp “The Heart of the matter” [B] IlliberalEducation and “The Heart of the Matter” [C] The AAAS’s contribution to Liberal Education [D] Progressive Policy vsLiberal Education
Part B Directions: Thefollowing paragraphs are given in a wrong order. For Questions 41-45, you arerequired to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent text by choosing fromthe list A-G and filling them into the numbered boxes. Paragraphs A and E have beencorrectly placed. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)
[A] Some archaeological siteshave always been easily observable—for example, the Parthenon in Athens, Greece,the pyramids of Giza in Egypt and the megaliths of Stonehenge insouthern England.But these sites are exceptions to the norm. Most archaeological sites have beenlocated by means of careful searching, while many others have been discoveredby accident. Olduvai Gorge, an early hominid site in Tanzania, was found by a butterflyhunter who literally fell into its deep valley in 1911. Thousands of Aztecartifacts came to light during the digging of the Mexico City subway in the 1970s. [B] In another case, Americanarchaeologists Rene Million and George Cowgill spent years systematicallymapping the entire city of Teotihuacan in the Valley of Mexiconear what is now Mexico City.At its peak around AD 600, this city was one of the largest human settlementsin the world. The researchers mapped not only the city’s vast and ornateceremonial areas, but also hundreds of simpler apartment complexes where commonpeople lived. [C] How do archaeologistsknow where to find what they are looking for when there is nothing visible onthe surface of the ground? Typically, they survey and sample (make testexcavations on) large areas of terrain to determine where excavation will yielduseful information. Surveys and test samples have also become important forunderstanding the larger landscapes that contain archaeological sites [D] Surveys can cover asingle large settlement or entire landscapes. In one case, many researchersworking around the ancient Maya city of Copan, Honduras,have located hundreds of small rural villages and individual dwellings by usingaerial photographs and by making surveys on foot. The revaluing settlement mapsshow how the distribution and density of the rural population around the citychanged dramatically between AD500 and 850, when Copan collapsed. [E] To find their sites, archaeologists today rely heavily onsystematic survey methods and a variety of high-technology tools andtechniques. Airborne technologies, such as different types of radar andphotographic equipment carried by airplanes or spacecraft, allow archaeologiststo learn about what lies beneath the ground without digging. Aerial surveyslocate general areas of interest or larger buried features, such as ancientbuildings or fields. [F] Most archaeological sites, however, are discovered byarchaeologists who have set out to look for them. Such searches can take years.British archaeologists Howard Carter knew that the tomb of the Egyptian pharaohTutankhamun existed from information found in other sites. Carter siftedthrough rubble in the Valley of the Kings forseven years before he located the tomb in 1922. In the late 1800s Britisharchaeologists Sir Arthur Evans combed antique dealers’ stores in Athens, Greece.He was searching for tiny engraved seals attributed to the ancient Mycenaeanculture that dominated Greecefrom the 1400s to 1200s BC. Evans’ interpretations of these engravingseventually led him to find the Minoan palace at Knossos(Knosós), on the island of Crete, in 1900. [G] Ground surveys allowarchaeologists to pinpoint the places where digs will be successful. Mostground surveys involve a lot of walking, looking for surface clues such issmall fragments of pottery. They often include a certain amount of digging totest for buried materials at selected points across a landscape. Archaeologistsalso may locate buried remains by using such technologies as ground radar,magnetic-field recording, and metal detectors. Archaeologists commonly usecomputers to map site and the landscapes around sites. Two-andthree-dimensional maps are helpful tools in planning excavations, illustratinghow sites look, and presenting the results of archaeological research.
41→A→42→E→43→44→45
SectionIII Translation Directions: Read the following textcarefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Yourtranslation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points) Music means different thingsto different people and sometimes even different things to the same person atdifferent moments of his life. It might be poetic, philosophical, sensual, ormathematical, but in any case it must, in my view, have something to do withthe soul of the human being. Hence it is metaphysical; but the means ofexpression is purely and exclusively physical: sound. I believe it is preciselythis permanent coexistence of metaphysical message through physical means thatis the strength of music. (46) It is also the reason why when we try todescribe music with words, all we can do is articulate our reactions to it, andnot grasp music itself. Beethoven’s importance inmusic has been principally defined by the revolutionary nature of hiscompositions. He freed music from hitherto prevailing conventions of harmonyand structure. Sometimes I feel in his late works a will to break all signs ofcontinuity. The music is abrupt and seemingly disconnected, as in the lastpiano sonata. In musical expression, he did not feel restrained by the weightof convention. (47) By all accounts he was a freethinking person, and acourageous one, and I find courage an essential quality for the understanding,let alone the performance, of his works. This courageous attitude infact becomes a requirement for the performers of Beethoven’s music. Hiscompositions demand the performer to show courage, for example in the use ofdynamics. (48) Beethoven’s habit of increasing the volume with an intensecrescendo and then abruptly following it with a sudden soft passage was onlyrarely used by composers before him. Beethoven was a deeplypolitical man in the broadest sense of the word. He was not interested in dailypolitics, but concerned with questions of moral behaviour and the largerquestions of right and wrong affecting the entire society. (49) Especiallysignificant was his view of freedom, which, for him, was associated with therights and responsibilities of the individual: he advocated freedom of thoughtand of personal expression. Beethoven’s music tends tomove from chaos to order as if order were an imperative of human existence. Forhim, order does not result from forgetting or ignoring the disorders thatplague our existence; order is a necessary development, an improvement that maylead to the Greek ideal of catharsis. It is not by chance that the FuneralMarch is not the last movement of the Eroica Symphony, but the second, so thatsuffering does not have the last word. (50) One could paraphrase much of thework of Beethoven by saying that suffering is inevitable, but the courage tofight it renders life worth living. Section IV Writing Part A 51. Directions: Write a letter of about 100 wordsto the president of your university, suggesting how to improve students’physical condition. You should include thedetails you think necessary. You should write neatly onthe ANSWER SHEET. Do not sign your own name atthe end of the letter .Use “Li Ming” instead. Do not write the address (10points)
Part B 52. Directions: Write an essayof 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay you should 1) describethe drawing briefly 2) explainits intended meaning, and 3) give yourcomments You shouldwrite neatly on ANSWER SHEET. (20 points)
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发表于 2014-1-16 23:03:05
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